startxref basin as a whole contains sedimentary rocks of Precambrian to Early Permian age in a sequence that has a In 1811-1812, three earthquakes measuring between 7-8 (out of the standard magnitude scale of 1.0-10.0) in magnitude originated from this fault. bifurcates to form the Kankakee and Findlay arches (fig. hb```">&S ac`a8 _o9j{VkL*1{|icPGEO&u\w:=q$O\S-9 T ` ` @@ vfb3"|$2f b v` rY lY`a609060 `@X vH;3b :k0\U\(C&0@u0 FV\s It's by far the largest earthquake ever to strike the United States east of the Rockies. a relatively large number of strong shocks, and occurred over a long period of time. Pronounced effects of arching are shown by pre-Middle Devonian New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), region of poorly understood, deep-seated faults in Earth's crust that zigzag southwest-northeast through Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky, U.S. Butler County - Morgantown. exposed and subjected to erosion only briefly at the end of the Ordovician, during the period of intensive According to the United States Geological Survey, since 1776 there have been around 235 earthquakes that have caused some level of damage in Kentucky. (epicentre 36.6 N 89.6 W), each measuring greater than magnitude 7.0. The feature is about 5,000 ft in diameter and is in limestones and shales of Pennsylvanian system compiled by Coskren and Rice (1979) from data derived from drilling records and McKeown The quakes were so strong the mighty Mississippi River flowed backward for three days. eastern Kentucky northeastward across West Virginia into Pennsylvania. Keller and others (1982, p. 218), on the basis of (1979) mapped the Rome trough in eastern Kentucky by gravity and deep drilling data and concluded that it Geologists in Kentucky keep a careful eye on the New Madrid area, in hopes that they can develop methods for predicting future quakes. From AIPG (1993). regional facies relationships of the Lexington Limestone of central Kentucky and adjacent States as implying Carter County - Grayson. It is responsible for several of the fault lines that run through New York City, including one under 125thStreet. Beneath the Surface [Geologic Structures]. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Most of the movement along Kentucky's faults occurred in the distant past. Principal structural features of the arch in Kentucky are the Jessamine Lexington, Kentucky River, and Irvine-Paint Creek fault systems (fig. Whaley and others (1980), in a description of the structures East and west of the axis of the Arch, strata gradually dip beneath the surface into two bowls or depressions in the Earth's crust, called basins. Turn off the KY basemaps layers to display these ESRI basemaps. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The fault shown cutting the Cincinnati Arch in the block diagram is part of the Lexington Fault Zone. Computer Simulation of a Magnitude 7.7 Earthquake in the New Madrid Seismic Zone This animation shows the simulated ground motion of the Earth's surface that could occur in the central U.S. region for a magnitude 7.7 strike-slip earthquake on the southern section of the New Madrid seismic zone. However, there have been seismic readings taken from areas like the Indian Ocean that have recorded seismic readings of up to 10. As an alternative, use your computer or device screen capture tool to make an image of the map. Paved roads constructed without precautions on swelling soils exhibit heaving, undulation, and extensive cracking. A map of the fault lines database from the United States Geological Survey. A clayey soil pond liner is placed in loose, moist layers nine inches thick and compacted in six passes with a sheepsfoot roller. example, Sable (1979), as the Eastern Interior basin; others, such as Snyder (1968), use the latter term to All files associated with this page are copyrighted 1997 Discontinuities and obstacles:Where a fault intersects a mined coal seam, the coal seam will be offset, generally causing an abrupt end to the seam into rock on the other side of the fault plane. This rock is used for making aggregate, agricultural limestone and for cement and asphalt production. Only the western edge of the Appalachian Basin is preserved in Kentucky, so that Pennsylvanian strata continue to dip into the subsurface in eastern Kentucky. Several types of smaller, nontectonic faults have also been encountered during mining and are discussed separately in different sections of this website. HTML. Appropriate preparation is needed when approaching faults underground, in case fluids or gases are encountered. The following brief descriptions of the four structural provinces include discussions of their regional setting, Earthquakes that occur in the zone can have a significant impact on the region, primarily due to the regions large population and aging infrastructure. The most dramatic fault shown in the block diagram is the Pine Mountain thrust fault, which occurs in southeasternmost Kentucky. geologic map; evidence of these features has been reported from Mississippian and older rocks in It hugs the borders of Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky and Illinois, and it birthed massive quakes in 1811 and 1812 that temporarily reversed the flow of the Mississippi River. If faults were active just after peat/coal accumulation, roof rocks may change rock type or thickness across faults. Which 6 states are most at risk for these earthquakes? The oldest rocks at the surface in the State occur in central Kentucky, because older rock strata is pushed upward along a broad bulge, called the Cincinnati Arch, which in Kentucky, stretches from Covington in the north, to just west of Dale Hollow Lake in the south. Map via USGS 1. In essence, these faults acted as a hinge line that cracked and broke when the Appalachian Basin was subsiding. This is called a fault. It is a domal structure, about 2 mi in diameter and unfaulted The first shock was felt from Canada to New Orleans and as far away as Boston, Massachusetts and Washington, D.C. Cincinnati arch.--The Cincinnati arch, a prominent regional uplift in the eastern midcontinent, extends from EXPOSED AND NEAR-SURFACE FAULTS The faults shown on the map as red lines had been digitized by others to produce three published source maps, each of which is a compilation (Nager, 1988; Frankie and others, 1994; Nelson, 1995a) (table 3). Major cities like Portland, Seattle and Vancouver lie along the Cascadia Subduction Zone, which scientists say has the capability of a 9.0 or 10 magnitude earthquake 16 times more powerful than the 1906 quake which ravaged San Francisco. The Remedies vary from mere maintenance that keeps drainage away from the house to expensive reconstruction of foundations. Campbell County - Alexandria. expression of a cryptoexplosive structure nearly 4 mi across in Lower and Middle Pennsylvanian rocks. Geophysical studies of the Moorman syncline by Contact the Webmaster for questions and comments. The Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar district, at the west end of the Moorman syncline, is a structurally complex The Pennyrile fault system (Green River fault zone of Lidiak 2 of the geologic map; the Irvine-Paint Creek fault system extends well into sheet 3 as well. (Cressman, 1981, p. 14). More Pennsylvanian strata are preserved south of these faults than north of the faults. Geological Survey OF-89-0106, Plate 11, 151 p. Carey, D.I., and Stickney, J.F., 2001, Ground-water resources of Madison County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, Open-file Report OF-01-73, 30 p. Blue Grass Area Development District, 2003. endstream endobj 134 0 obj <>]/PageLabels 122 0 R/Pages 125 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 135 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Fields[]>> endobj 136 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 137 0 obj <> endobj 138 0 obj <>stream 0000001642 00000 n The EFZ runs east-west through the far western part of the state and into Tennessee, while the CU runs through eastern and southeastern Kentucky. Welcome to the Kentucky Geography Network. Kentucky (Nuttli, 1979, p. 68). This earthquake caused about 2,000 deaths and left about 1. Although some reports indicate an Early Harris (1970) has shown the fault to be a ramp on a bedding plane Yes, Kentucky is in a seismic zone. The last one was in 1884. Yes, there have been 10. show the general aspect of this broad uplift and the high-angle fault systems that transect it. beyond the surface faults shown on the map (sheets 2 and 3), as a concealed system that extends into West According to aNew York Postreport in 2017, On average, the region has witnessed a moderate quake (about a 5.0 on the Richter scale) every hundred years. Many surface-fault traces are mapped on 7.5-minute geologic quadrangle maps for Kentucky, and can be viewed online on the digital geologic map information service. Creek but has fewer and smaller faults; fault scarps along this system exposed by strip mining of the coal Caldwell County - Princeton. if (thisYr < 1900) { Thankfully, the area was not as populated as it is now, so the damage was limited. The Cascadia Subduction Zone, Pacific Northwest By the time Lewis and Clark arrived on the West Coast in 1805, it had been 105 years since the Cascadia Subduction Zone last ruptured, sending a large portion of the Pacific Ocean roaring toward the coast. From AIPG (1993). Exploration for oil and gas in Kentucky has resulted in considerable information on the nature of the trailer A map of earthquakes epicenters, however, reflects faulting at depth and shows that the earthquakes define several branches of the New Madrid seismic zone in northeastern Arkansas, southwestern Kentucky, southeastern Missouri, and northwestern Tennessee. Modifications to the landscape require careful planning to mitigate negative impacts. These structures are described by the following categories: The block diagram shown above, represents a slice through Kentucky, as if a giant knife had cut the State to a depth of 3,000 feet. Late Paleozoic (Alleghenian) thrusting in southeasternmost While stronger quakes can still occur, they are rare and damage is usually minimal. 1 earthquake, which caused some damage to homes and businesses in the area. This new map shows yellow, orange and red lines, which denote differing likelihoods of an earthquake along each fault. The general configuration of the basin is shown by a contour map of the base of the Fault planes are not always vertical, so the position of the fault may change with depth depending on the dip of the fault plane. Keller and others, 1982, p. 220). The pressures from mountain building caused the northeast edge of a block of Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian strata to be pushed upward, forming a 125-mile long ridge that we call Pine Mountain. We are currently working on a solution for this issue. Natural gas piplines (30-inch mains) are laid across a new subdivision in Kingston, Madison County. thisYr = now.getYear(); A fault line is a place in the earth where two plates move against each other which causes movements in the Earths crust. 0 earthquake. reports indicate that, although the most severe earthquakes (New Madrid type) may occur only every Virginia (Dever and others, 1977). States located along the Madrid Fault Line include Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Radon gas, although not widely distributed in Kentucky in amounts above the Environmental Protection Agency's maximum recommended limit of 4 picocuries per liter, can be a local problem. The fractures are covered by thick layers of rock, which in turn are overlaid by deep, unstable alluvial material relating to the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers. to be a positive feature in Devonian time, but its influence on sedimentation in Kentucky waned and in western Kentucky (the Rough Creek graben of Soderberg and Keller (1981) and the Mississippi All files associated with this page are copyrighted 1997 4 magnitude quake that occurred near the same location on July 4, 2019. northeastern Kentucky (Dever and others, 1977). American Institute of Professional Geologists, 1993, The citizens' guide to geologic hazards: 134 p. Black, D.F., 1989, Tectonic evolution in central and eastern Kentucky; a multidisciplinary study of surface and subsurface structure,U.S. Creek and Pennyrile fault systems, the Moorman syncline, and faults in and around the Illinois-Kentucky There, the Devonian (red on the section) and Mississippian (light blue on the section) strata appear to split upward on the eastern (right) side of the diagram. There are numerous faults in Kentucky. The intensity of the largest of the three main shocks has been given as XII, and the body-wave A compacted clay liner, or artificial liner, may prevent pond failure. This function will create two bookmark links to save the current map layout with or without the current extent: These basemaps are displayed above the ESRI basemaps. Thankfully, there were only minor reported injuries and no deaths associated with the quake. Harris (1978) combined the Rome trough with 0000003508 00000 n The USDA-NRCS can provide guidance on the application of these liners to new construction, and for treatment of existing leaking ponds. Kentucky (fig. basis of geophysical data, that the present embayment stems from the late Mesozoic reactivation of the and the structure as mapped at the surface. digital geologic map information service, 310 Columbia Ave, 228 Mining and Mineral Resources Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0107. Yes, Ky has had a major earthquake in the past. surveys of the area (Black and others, 1977) show a close relationship between gravity and magnetic data U.S. Right: With time, expanding soils exert several tons per square foot of pressure on the foundation and shallow pilings. Recent geophysical, geological, and seismological studies of the Reelfoot basin, which underlies the Jackson The Grenville Front, apparently in This map shows the major fault lines in the US! lineament, defined by aeromagnetic and gravity data, which lies across the easternmost tip of Kentucky; 8). (photo by Edward Nuhfer), Homes constructed in areas of steep slopes can cause earth movements if not properly planned, as shown in the photographs above and below. The NMSZ is the most active seismic area in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. 0000000016 00000 n The broad, Use the search capabilities of the KyGovMaps Open GIS Data . In addition, Keller and others (1982) Map of active US fault lines in the USA by USGS. syncline (fig. Newton, J.H., McDonald, H.P., Preston, D.G., Richardson, A.J., and Sims, R., 1973, Soil survey of Madison County, Kentucky: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 103 p. Sparks, T.N., Dever, G.R., Jr., and Anderson, W.H., 2001, Geologic map of the Harrodsburg 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, central Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. Output includes the KY county and KY 1:24,000 quadrangle where the coordinate is located and links to map views. 16). granites, metasediments, and felsic volcanics are associated with gravity lows, while mafic volcanics, At the surface it is represented FIGURE 16.--. The Rough Creek fault zone is made up of numerous high Roof support: Slickensides and fractures near faults can cause adverse roof conditions, and roofs may require supplemental support, as discussed for fractures. angle normal faults and less common reverse faults bounding a series of grabens and horsts, with a total Cretaceous time, after subsidence and erosion of the Pascola arch to the south (Olive, 1980, p. 5). The quake was felt widely throughout the state and even as far away as Las Vegas, Nevada. Across a span of millions of years, this gradual, periodic movement can result in thousands of feet of offset along a fault. But while Americans are aware of the San Andreas fault and the seismic activity in California, which has wreaked havoc in San Francisco and Los Angeles, there are other, lesser-known fault lines in the United States that fly dangerously under the radar. The most recent major earthquake in Ky was the M4. 9) coal (Greb and Williams, 2000). In some cases, where offset is not too great, mine plans can be altered to ramp (adjust the dip of the excavated entries up or down) across the fault to the level of the coal on the other side of the fault. 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